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Aztec codex

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Aztec codices (<a href="Nahuatl_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl languages">Nahuatl languages</a>: Mēxihcatl āmoxtli, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style>pronounced [meːˈʃiʔkatɬ aːˈmoʃtɬi]; <abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: codex) are <a href="Mesoamerican_Codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican manuscripts</a> made by the <a href="Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztec</a>, and their <a href="Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>-speaking descendants during the <a href="New_Spain" title="New Spain">colonial period</a> in <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Most of their content is pictorial in nature and they come from the multiple Indigenous groups from before and after Spanish contact. Differences in styles indicate regional and temporal differences. The types of information in manuscripts fall into several broad categories: calendar or time, history, genealogy, cartography, economics/tributes, census and cadastral, and property plans. <a href="Codex_Mendoza" title="Codex Mendoza">Codex Mendoza</a> and the <a href="Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a> are among the important and popular colonial-era codices. The Florentine Codex, for example is known for providing a Mexica narrative of the Spanish Conquest from the viewpoint of the Indigenous people, instead of Europeans.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Before the start of the <a href="Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>, the Mexica and their neighbors in and around the Valley of Mexico relied on painted books and records to document many aspects of their lives. Painted manuscripts contained information about their history, science, land tenure, tribute, and sacred rituals.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> According to the testimony of <a href="Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a>, <a href="Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma</a> had a library full of such books, known as amatl, or amoxtli, kept by a calpixqui or nobleman in his palace, some of them dealing with tribute.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> After the conquest of Tenochtitlan, Indigenous nations continued to produce painted manuscripts, and the Spaniards came to accept and rely on them as valid and potentially important records. The native tradition of pictorial documentation and expression continued strongly in the Valley of Mexico several generations after the arrival of Europeans, its latest examples reaching into the early seventeenth century.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats">Formats</h2></div>

Since the 19th century, the word <a href="Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> has been applied to all Mesoamerican pictorial manuscripts, regardless of format or date, despite the fact that pre-Hispanic Aztec manuscripts were (strictly speaking) non-codical in form.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> Aztec codices were usually made from long sheets of fig-bark paper (<a href="Amate" title="Amate">amate</a>) or stretched deerskins sewn together to form long and narrow strips; others were painted on big cloths.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Thus, usual <a href="Middle_American_Pictorial_Manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts">formats</a> include screenfold books, strips known as tiras, rolls, and cloths, also known as lienzos. While no Aztec codex preserves its covers, from the example of Mixtec codices it is assumed that Aztec screenfold books had wooden covers, perhaps decorated with mosaics in turquoise, as the surviving wooden covers of Codex Vaticanus B suggests.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_and_pictography">Writing and pictography</h2></div>

Aztec codices differ from European books in that most of their content is pictorial in nature. In regards to whether parts of these books can be considered as writing, current academics are divided in two schools: those endorsing <a href="Grammatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatology">grammatological</a> perspectives, which consider these documents as a mixture of iconography and writing proper,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and those with <a href="Semasiography" title="Semasiography">semasiographical</a> perspectives, which consider them a system of graphic communication which admits the presence of glyphs denoting sounds (glottography).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In any case, both schools coincide in the fact that most of the information in these manuscripts was transmitted by images, rather than by writing, which was restricted to names.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_regional_schools">Style and regional schools</h2></div>

According to Donald Robertson, the first scholar to attempt a systematic classification of Aztec pictorial manuscripts, the pre-Conquest style of Mesoamerican pictorials in Central Mexico can be defined as being similar to that of the <a href="Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a>. This has historical reasons, for according to <a href="Codex_Xolotl" title="Codex Xolotl">Codex Xolotl</a> and historians like <a href="Fernando_de_Alva_Cort%C3%A9s_Ixtlilx%C3%B3chitl" title="Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl">Ixtlilxochitl</a>, the art of tlacuilolli or manuscript painting was introduced to the Tolteca-Chichimeca ancestors of the Tetzcocans by the Tlaoilolaques and Chimalpanecas, two <a href="Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> tribes from the lands of the Mixtecs.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The Mixtec style would be defined by the usage of the native "frame line", which has the primary purpose of enclosing areas of color. as well as to qualify symbolically areas thus enclosed. Colour is usually applied within such linear boundaries, without any modeling or shading. Human forms can be divided into separable, component parts, while architectural forms are not realistic, but bound by conventions. Tridimensionality and perspective is absent. In contrast, post-Conquest codices present the use of European contour lines varying in width, and illusions of tridimensionality and perspective.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> Later on, Elizabeth Hill-Boone gave a more precise definition of the Aztec pictorial style, suggesting the existence of a particular Aztec style as a variant of the Mixteca-Puebla style, characterized by more naturalism<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and the use of particular calendrical glyphs that are slightly different from those of the Mixtec codices.

Regarding local schools within the Aztec pictorial style, Robertson was the first to distinguish three of them:

<ul><li>School of Mexico Tenochtitlan: Based at the imperial capital of Tenochtitlan, it comprises two stages, an early one which would include the <a href="Matr%C3%ADcula_de_Tributos" title="Matrícula de Tributos">Matrícula de Tributos</a>, Plano en Papel de Maguey, <a href="Codex_Boturini" title="Codex Boturini">Codex Boturini</a> and the <a href="Codex_Borgia" title="Codex Borgia">Codex Borgia</a>; and a later one, which would comprise <a href="Codex_Mendoza" title="Codex Mendoza">Codex Mendoza</a>, <a href="Codex_Telleriano-Remensis" title="Codex Telleriano-Remensis">Codex Telleriano-Remensis</a>, <a href="Codex_Osuna" title="Codex Osuna">Codex Osuna</a>, <a href="Codex_Mexicanus" title="Codex Mexicanus">Codex Mexicanus</a> and the Magliabechiano Group.</li>

<li>School of Texcoco: Based at the <a href="Texcoco_(altepetl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco (altepetl)">Texcoco</a> polity (altepetl), this school comprises documents related to the court of <a href="Nezahualcoyotl_(tlatoani)" title="Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)">Nezahualcoyotl</a>. Its foremost representativese are the <a href="Mapa_Quinatzin" title="Mapa Quinatzin">Mapa Quinatzin</a>, Mapa Tlotzin, <a href="Codex_Xolotl" title="Codex Xolotl">Codex Xolotl</a>, <a href="Codex_en_Cruz" title="Codex en Cruz">Codex en Cruz</a>, the Boban Calendar Wheel, and the Relaciones Geográficas de Texcoco.</li>

<li>School of Tlatelolco: Based at the sister-city of Tenochtitlan, <a href="Tlatelolco_(archaeological_site)" title="Tlatelolco (archaeological site)">Tlatelolco</a>, this school is associated with the <a href="Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis" title="Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis">Badianus herbal</a>, the <a href="Mapa_de_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapa de Santa Cruz">Mapa de Santa Cruz</a>, the <a href="Codex_of_Tlatelolco" title="Codex of Tlatelolco">Codex of Tlatelolco</a> and the <a href="Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survival_and_preservation">Survival and preservation</h2></div>

A large number of prehispanic and colonial Indigenous texts have been destroyed or lost over time. For example, when Hernan Cortés and his six hundred conquistadores landed on the Aztec land in 1519, they found that the Aztecs kept books both in temples and in libraries associated to palaces such as that of Moctezuma. For example, besides the testimony of Bernal Díaz quoted above, the conquistador <a href="Juan_Cano_de_Saavedra" title="Juan Cano de Saavedra">Juan Cano de Saavedra</a> describes some of the books to be found at the library of Moctezuma, dealing with religion, genealogies, government, and geography, lamenting their destruction at the hands of the Spaniards, for such books were essential for the government and policy of Indigenous nations.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Further loss was caused by Catholic priests, who destroyed many of the surviving manuscripts during the early colonial period, <a href="Book_burning" title="Book burning">burning</a> them because they considered them idolatrous.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

The large extant body of manuscripts that did survive can now be found in museums, archives, and private collections. There has been considerable scholarly work on the classification, description, and analysis of these codices. A major publication project by scholars of Mesoamerican ethnohistory was brought to fruition in the 1970s: volume 14 of the <a href="Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians">Handbook of Middle American Indians</a>, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources: Part Three is devoted to <a href="Middle_American_Pictorial_Manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts">Middle American pictorial manuscripts</a>, including numerous reproductions of single pages of important pictorials. This volume includes John B. Glass and Donald Robertson's survey and catalogue of Mesoamerican pictorials, comprising 434 entries, many of which originate in the Valley of Mexico.

Three Aztec codices have been considered as being possibly pre-Hispanic: <a href="Codex_Borbonicus" title="Codex Borbonicus">Codex Borbonicus</a>, the <a href="Matr%C3%ADcula_de_Tributos" title="Matrícula de Tributos">Matrícula de Tributos</a> and the <a href="Codex_Boturini" title="Codex Boturini">Codex Boturini</a>. According to Robertson, no pre-Conquest examples of Aztec codices survived, for he considered the Codex Borbonicus and the Codex Boturini as displaying limited elements of European influence, such as the space apparently left to add Spanish glosses for calendric names in the Codex Borbonicus and some stylistic elements of trees in Codex Boturini.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> Similarly, the Matrícula de Tributos seems to imitate European paper proportions, rather than native ones. However, Robertson's views, which equated Mixtec and Aztec style, have been contested by Elizabeth-Hill Boone, who considered a more naturalistic quality of the Aztec pictorial school. Thus, the chronological situation of these manuscripts is still disputed, with some scholars being in favour of them being pre-Hispanic, and some against.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div>

The types of information in manuscripts fall into several categories: calendrical, historical, genealogical, cartographic, economic/tribute, economic/census and cadastral, and economic/property plans.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> A census of 434 pictorial manuscripts of all of Mesoamerica gives information on the title, synonyms, location, history, publication status, regional classification, date, physical description, description of the work itself, a bibliographical essay, list of copies, and a bibliography.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Indigenous texts known as Techialoyan manuscripts are written on <a href="History_of_paper" title="History of paper">native paper</a> (<a href="Amatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Amatl">amatl</a>) are also surveyed. They follow a standard format, usually written in alphabetic Nahuatl with pictorial content concerning a meeting of a given Indigenous pueblo's leadership and their marking out the boundaries of the municipality.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> A type of colonial-era pictorial religious texts are catechisms called <a href="Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a> manuscripts. They contain prayers and mnemonic devices, some of which were deliberately falsified.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> John B. Glass published a catalog of such manuscripts that were published without the forgeries being known at the time.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

Another mixed alphabetic and pictorial source for Mesoamerican ethnohistory is the late sixteenth-century <a href="Relaciones_geogr%C3%A1ficas" title="Relaciones geográficas">Relaciones geográficas</a>, with information on individual Indigenous settlements in colonial Mexico, created on the orders of the Spanish crown. Each relación was ideally to include a pictorial of the town, usually done by an Indigenous resident connected with town government. Although these manuscripts were created for Spanish administrative purposes, they contain important information about the history and geography of Indigenous polities.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_codices">Important codices</h2></div>

Particularly important colonial-era codices that are published with scholarly English translations are <a href="Codex_Mendoza" title="Codex Mendoza">Codex Mendoza</a>, the <a href="Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a>, and the works by <a href="Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a>. Codex Mendoza is a mixed pictorial, alphabetic Spanish manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Of supreme importance is the <a href="Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a>, a project directed by Franciscan friar <a href="Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a>, who drew on Indigenous informants' knowledge of Aztec religion, social structure, natural history, and includes a history of the <a href="Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> from the Mexica viewpoint.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The project resulted in twelve books, bound into three volumes, of bilingual Nahuatl/Spanish alphabetic text, with illustrations by native artists; the Nahuatl has been translated into English.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Also important are the works of Dominican <a href="Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a>, who drew on Indigenous pictorials and living informants to create illustrated texts on history and religion.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

The colonial-era codices often contain Aztec pictograms or other pictorial elements. Some are written in alphabetic text in <a href="Classical_Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Nahuatl language">Classical Nahuatl</a> (in the <a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>) or <a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, and occasionally <a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>. Some are entirely in Nahuatl without pictorial content. Although there are very few surviving prehispanic codices, the tlacuilo (codex painter) tradition endured the transition to colonial culture; scholars now have access to a body of around 500 colonial-era codices.

Some prose manuscripts in the Indigenous tradition sometimes have pictorial content, such as the <a href="Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a>, <a href="Codex_Mendoza" title="Codex Mendoza">Codex Mendoza</a>, and the works of <a href="Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Durán</a>, but others are entirely alphabetic in Spanish or Nahuatl. <a href="Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Charles Gibson</a> has written an overview of such manuscripts, and with John B. Glass compiled a census. They list 130 manuscripts for Central Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> A large section at the end has reproductions of pictorials, many from central Mexico.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Aztec_codices">List of Aztec codices</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Codex_Chimalpopoca" title="Codex Chimalpopoca">Anales de Cuauhtitlan</a>, a 16th century text in Nahuatl, is one part of <a href="Codex_Chimalpopoca" title="Codex Chimalpopoca">Codex Chimalpopoca</a></li>

<li><a href="Anales_de_Tlatelolco" title="Anales de Tlatelolco">Anales de Tlatelolco</a>, an early colonial era set of annals written in Nahuatl, with no pictorial content. It contains information on <a href="Tlatelolco_(altepetl)" title="Tlatelolco (altepetl)">Tlatelolco</a>'s participation in the <a href="Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire">Spanish conquest</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis" title="Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis">Badianus Herbal Manuscript</a> is formally called Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis (<a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "Little Book of the Medicinal Herbs of the Indians") is a herbal manuscript, describing the <a href="Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">medicinal properties</a> of various plants used by the Aztecs. It was translated into Latin by <a href="Juan_Badiano" title="Juan Badiano">Juan Badiano</a>, from a <a href="Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a> original composed in the <a href="Colegio_de_Santa_Cruz_de_Tlatelolco" title="Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco">Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco</a> in 1552 by Martín de la Cruz that is no longer extant. The Libellus is better known as the Badianus Manuscript, after the translator; the Codex de la Cruz-Badiano, after both the original author and translator; and the Codex Barberini, after <a href="Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="Francesco_Barberini_(seniore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Barberini (seniore)">Francesco Barberini</a>, who had possession of the manuscript in the early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li>

<li><a href="Chavero_Codex_of_Huexotzingo" title="Chavero Codex of Huexotzingo">Chavero Codex of Huexotzingo</a> is a codex on late 16th century tax collecting in Huexotzingo</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Azcatitlan" title="Codex Azcatitlan">Codex Azcatitlan</a>, a pictorial history of the Aztec empire, including images of the conquest</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Aubin" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Aubin">Codex Aubin</a> is a pictorial history or <a href="Annal" class="mw-redirect" title="Annal">annal</a> of the Aztecs from their departure from Aztlán, through the <a href="Spanish_conquest_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Mexico">Spanish conquest</a>, to the early Spanish colonial period, ending in 1608. Consisting of 81 leaves, it is two independent manuscripts, now bound together. The opening pages of the first, an annals history, bear the date of 1576, leading to its informal title, Manuscrito de 1576 ("The Manuscript of 1576"), although its year entries run to 1608. Among other topics, Codex Aubin has a native description of the <a href="Massacre_in_the_Great_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre in the Great Temple">massacre at the temple in Tenochtitlan</a> in 1520. The second part of this codex is a list of the native rulers of Tenochtitlan, up to 1607. It is held by the British Museum and a copy of its commentary is at the <a href="Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a>. A copy of the original is held at the <a href="Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> library in the Robert Garrett Collection. The Aubin Codex is not to be confused with the similarly named <a href="Aubin_Tonalamatl" title="Aubin Tonalamatl">Aubin Tonalamatl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Borbonicus" title="Codex Borbonicus">Codex Borbonicus</a> is written by Aztec priests sometime after the <a href="Spanish_conquest_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Mexico">Spanish conquest of Mexico</a>. Like all pre-Columbian Aztec codices, it was originally pictorial in nature, although some Spanish descriptions were later added. It can be divided into three sections: An intricate <a href="Tonalamatl" title="Tonalamatl">tonalamatl</a>, or divinatory calendar; documentation of the Mesoamerican 52-year cycle, showing in order the dates of the first days of each of these 52 solar years; and a section of rituals and ceremonies, particularly those that end the 52-year cycle, when the "<a href="New_Fire_ceremony" title="New Fire ceremony">new fire</a>" must be lit. Codex Bornobicus is held at the Library of the <a href="National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly of France</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Borgia" title="Codex Borgia">Codex Borgia</a> – pre-Hispanic ritual codex, after which the group <a href="Borgia_Group" title="Borgia Group">Borgia Group</a> is named. The codex is itself named after Cardinal <a href="Stefano_Borgia" title="Stefano Borgia">Stefano Borgia</a>, who owned it before it was acquired by the <a href="Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Boturini" title="Codex Boturini">Codex Boturini</a> or Tira de la Peregrinación was painted by an unknown author sometime between 1530 and 1541, roughly a decade after the <a href="Spanish_conquest_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Mexico">Spanish conquest of Mexico</a>. Pictorial in nature, it tells the story of the legendary Aztec journey from <a href="Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a> to the <a href="Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a>. Rather than employing separate pages, the author used one long sheet of <a href="Amatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Amatl">amatl</a>, or fig bark, accordion-folded into 21½ pages. There is a rip in the middle of the 22nd page, and it is unclear whether the author intended the manuscript to end at that point or not. Unlike many other Aztec codices, the drawings are not colored, but rather merely outlined with black ink. Also known as "Tira de la Peregrinación" ("The Strip Showing the Travels"), it is named after one of its first European owners, <a href="Lorenzo_Boturini_Benaduci" title="Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci">Lorenzo Boturini Benaduci</a> (1702 – 1751). It is now held in the <a href="Museo_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Nacional de Antropología">Museo Nacional de Antropología</a> in Mexico City.</li>

<li>Codex Chimalpahin, a collection of writings attributed to colonial-era historian <a href="Chimalpahin" title="Chimalpahin">Chimalpahin</a> concerning the history of various important city-states.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Chimalpopoca" title="Codex Chimalpopoca">Codex Chimalpopoca</a> contains stories of the hero-god Quetzalcoatl</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Cospi" title="Codex Cospi">Codex Cospi</a>, part of the <a href="Borgia_Group" title="Borgia Group">Borgia Group</a>.</li>

<li>Codex Cozcatzin, a post-conquest, bound manuscript consisting of 18 sheets (36 pages) of European paper, dated 1572, although it was perhaps created later than this. Largely pictorial, it has short descriptions in Spanish and Nahuatl. The first section of the codex contains a list of land granted by <a href="Itzc%C3%B3atl" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzcóatl">Itzcóatl</a> in 1439 and is part of a complaint against Diego Mendoza. Other pages list historical and genealogical information, focused on <a href="Tlatelolco_(altepetl)" title="Tlatelolco (altepetl)">Tlatelolco</a> and <a href="Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>. The final page consists of astronomical descriptions in Spanish. It is named for Don Juan Luis Cozcatzin, who appears in the codex as "alcalde ordinario de esta ciudad de México" ("ordinary mayor of this city of Mexico"). The codex is held by the <a href="Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale">Bibliothèque Nationale</a> in Paris.</li>

<li><a href="Codex_en_Cruz" title="Codex en Cruz">Codex en Cruz</a> - a single piece of amatl paper, it is currently held by the <a href="Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale">Bibliothèque Nationale</a> in <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Fej%C3%A9rv%C3%A1ry-Mayer" title="Codex Fejérváry-Mayer">Codex Fejérváry-Mayer</a> – pre-Hispanic calendar codex, part of the <a href="Borgia_Group" title="Borgia Group">Borgia Group</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Codex Florentine</a> is a set of 12 books created under the supervision of Franciscan friar <a href="Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a> between approximately 1540 and 1576. The Florentine Codex has been the major source of Aztec life in the years before the <a href="Spanish_conquest_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Mexico">Spanish conquest</a>. <a href="Charles_Dibble" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Dibble">Charles Dibble</a> and <a href="Arthur_J.O._Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur J.O. Anderson">Arthur J.O. Anderson</a> published English translations of the Nahuatl text of the twelve books in separate volumes, with redrawn illustrations. A full color, facsimile copy of the complete codex was published in three bound volumes in 1979.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="The_Codex_Ixtlilxochitl" class="mw-redirect" title="The Codex Ixtlilxochitl">Codex Ixtlilxochitl</a>, an early 17th-century codex fragment detailing, among other subjects, a calendar of the annual festivals and rituals celebrated by the Aztec teocalli during the Mexican year. Each of the 18 months is represented by a god or historical character. Written in Spanish, the Codex Ixtlilxochitl has 50 pages comprising 27 separate sheets of European paper with 29 drawings. It was derived from the same source as the Codex Magliabechiano. It was named after <a href="Fernando_de_Alva_Cort%C3%A9s_Ixtlilxochitl" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl">Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl</a> (between 1568 & 1578 - c. 1650), a member of the ruling family of <a href="Texcoco_(Aztec_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco (Aztec site)">Texcoco</a>, and is held in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris and published in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Page by page views of the manuscript are available online.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Laud" title="Codex Laud">Codex Laud</a>, part of the <a href="Borgia_Group" title="Borgia Group">Borgia Group</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Magliabechiano" title="Codex Magliabechiano">Codex Magliabechiano</a> was created during the mid-16th century, in the early Spanish colonial period. Based on an earlier unknown codex, the Codex Magliabechiano is primarily a religious document, depicting the 20 day-names of the <a href="Tonalpohualli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonalpohualli">tonalpohualli</a>, the 18 monthly feasts, the 52-year cycle, various deities, Indigenous religious rites, costumes, and cosmological beliefs. The Codex Magliabechiano has 92 pages made from <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europea</a> paper, with drawings and Spanish language text on both sides of each page. It is named after <a href="Antonio_Magliabechi" title="Antonio Magliabechi">Antonio Magliabechi</a>, a 17th-century Italian manuscript collector, and is held in the <a href="National_Central_Library_(Florence)" title="National Central Library (Florence)">Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale</a>, <a href="Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Mendoza" title="Codex Mendoza">Codex Mendoza</a> is a pictorial document, with Spanish annotations and commentary, composed circa 1541. It is divided into three sections: a history of each Aztec ruler and their conquests; a list of the tribute paid by each tributary province; and a general description of daily Aztec life. It is held in the <a href="Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> at the <a href="University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Mexicanus" title="Codex Mexicanus">Codex Mexicanus</a> a pictorial manuscript of Aztec calendar, writing system, history of the Mexica and other cultural facets</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Osuna" title="Codex Osuna">Codex Osuna</a> is a mixed pictorial and Nahuatl alphabetic text detailing complaints of particular Indigenous against colonial officials.</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Codex Porfirio Díaz">Codex Porfirio Díaz</a>, sometimes considered part of the <a href="Borgia_Group" title="Borgia Group">Borgia Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram%C3%ADrez_Codex" title="Ramírez Codex">Codex Ramírez</a> manuscript created by Juan de Tovar contains history of the Aztecs and is presumably a draft of Codex Tovar</li>

<li>Codex Reese - a map of land claims in Tenotichlan discovered by the famed manuscript dealer William Reese.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_R%C3%ADos" title="Codex Ríos">Codex Ríos</a> - an Italian translation and augmentation of the <a href="Codex_Telleriano-Remensis" title="Codex Telleriano-Remensis">Codex Telleriano-Remensis</a>.</li>

<li><a href="C%C3%B3dice_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Códice de Santa María Asunción">Codex Santa Maria Asunción</a> - Aztec census, similar to Codex Vergara; published in facsimile in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Telleriano-Remensis" title="Codex Telleriano-Remensis">Codex Telleriano-Remensis</a> - calendar, divinatory almanac and history of the Aztec people, published in facsimile.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_of_Tlatelolco" title="Codex of Tlatelolco">Codex of Tlatelolco</a> is a pictorial codex, produced around 1560.</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Tovar" title="Codex Tovar">Codex Tovar</a> - a history by Juan de Tovar.</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Vaticanus_B" title="Codex Vaticanus B">Codex Vaticanus B</a>, part of the <a href="Borgia_Group" title="Borgia Group">Borgia Group</a></li>

<li>Codex Vergara - records the border lengths of Mesoamerican farms and calculates their areas.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Xolotl" title="Codex Xolotl">Codex Xolotl</a> - a pictorial codex recounting the history of the <a href="Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a>, and <a href="Texcoco_(Aztec_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco (Aztec site)">Texcoco</a> in particular, from Xolotl's arrival in the Valley to the defeat of <a href="Azcapotzalco" title="Azcapotzalco">Azcapotzalco</a> in 1428.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li>

<li><a href="Cr%C3%B3nica_Mexicayotl" title="Crónica Mexicayotl">Crónica Mexicayotl</a>, <a href="Hernando_Alvarado_Tezozomoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc">Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc</a>, prose manuscript in the native tradition.</li>

<li><a href="Huexotzinco_Codex" title="Huexotzinco Codex">Huexotzinco Codex</a>, <a href="Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahua</a> pictorials that are part of a 1531 lawsuit by Hernán Cortés against <a href="Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Nuño de Guzmán">Nuño de Guzmán</a> that the Huexotzincans joined.</li>

<li><a href="Mapa_de_Cuauhtinchan_No._2" title="Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2">Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2</a> - a post-conquest Indigenous map, legitimizing the land rights of the Cuauhtinchantlacas.</li>

<li><a href="Mapa_Quinatzin" title="Mapa Quinatzin">Mapa Quinatzin</a> is a sixteenth-century mixed pictorial and alphabetic manuscript concerning the history of <a href="Texcoco_(altepetl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco (altepetl)">Texcoco</a>. It has valuable information on the Texcocan legal system, depicting particular crimes and the specified punishments, including adultery and theft. One striking fact is that a judge was executed for hearing a case that concerned his own house. It has name glyphs for Nezahualcoyotal and his successor <a href="Nezahualpilli" title="Nezahualpilli">Nezahualpilli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li>

<li>Matrícula de Huexotzinco. Nahua pictorial census and alphabetic text, published in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li>

<li><a href="Oztoticpac_Lands_Map_of_Texcoco" title="Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco">Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco</a>, 1540 is a pictorial on native amatl paper from <a href="Texcoco_(altepetl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco (altepetl)">Texcoco</a> ca. 1540 relative to the estate of <a href="Carlos_Ometochtzin" title="Carlos Ometochtzin">Don Carlos Chichimecatecatl</a> of Texcoco.</li>

<li><a href="Romances_de_los_se%C3%B1ores_de_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Romances de los señores de Nueva España">Romances de los señores de Nueva España</a> - a collection of Nahuatl songs transcribed in the mid-16th century</li>

<li><a href="Santa_Cruz_Map" title="Santa Cruz Map">Santa Cruz Map</a>. Mid-sixteenth-century pictorial of the area around the central lake system.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li>

<li><a href="Codices_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_Tetepilco" title="Codices of San Andrés Tetepilco">Codices of San Andrés Tetepilco</a>

<ul><li>Map of the Founding of Tetepilco, found in 2024, "about the foundation of San Andrés Tetepilco and includes lists of toponyms within the region"<a href="#cite_note-codex2024-44">[44]</a></li>

<li>Inventory of the Church of San Andrés Tetepilco, found in 2024, "a pictographic inventory of the church and its assets"<a href="#cite_note-codex2024-44">[44]</a></li>

<li>Tira of San Andrés Tetepilco, history of <a href="Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a> from foundation to 17th century<a href="#cite_note-codex2024-44">[44]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tira_de_la_Peregrinaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tira de la Peregrinación">Tira de la Peregrinación</a> see <a href="Codex_Boturini" title="Codex Boturini">Codex Boturini</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

Continued scholarship of the codices has been influential in contemporary <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> society, particularly for contemporary <a href="Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahuas</a> who are now reading these texts to gain insight into their own histories.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Research on these codices has also been influential in <a href="Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, where there is a growing interest in <a href="Nahuatl_language_in_the_United_States" title="Nahuatl language in the United States">Nahua language</a> and culture in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Codex_Zouche-Nuttall" title="Codex Zouche-Nuttall">Codex Zouche-Nuttall</a> - one of the <a href="Mixtec_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec codices">Mixtec codices</a>. Codex Zouche-Nuttall is in the <a href="British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Cr%C3%B3nica_X" title="Crónica X">Crónica X</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/kislak.81897.1">Historia de Mexico with the Tovar calendar,</a> ca. 1830–1862. From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/kislak.html">Jay I Kislak Collection</a> at the <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_literature" title="Mesoamerican literature">Mesoamerican literature</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Philology_(Latin_America)" title="New Philology (Latin America)">Colonial Mesoamerican native-language texts</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBatalla2016" class="citation book cs1">Batalla, Juan José (2016-12-05). "The Historical Sources: Codices and Chronicles". In Nichols, Deborah L.; Rodríguez-Alegría, Enrique (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34663/chapter/295343590">The Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs</a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 29–40. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199341962.013.30">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199341962.013.30</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> Boone, Elizabeth H. "Central Mexican Pictorials." In <a href="David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">Davíd Carrasco</a> (ed). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. : Oxford University Press, 2001.<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780195188431</bdi>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/writing/an-introduction-to-aztec-books">Article in Mexicolore</a>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJansenReyes_GarcíaAnders1993" class="citation book cs1">Jansen, Maarten E. R. G. N.; Reyes García, Luis; Anders, Ferdinand (1993). Códice Vaticano B.3773. Madrid, España: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario]. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>968-16-4155-8</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1101345811">1101345811</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVelásquez_García2018" class="citation journal cs1">Velásquez García, Erik (2018-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas-filologicas.unam.mx/estudios-cultura-maya/index.php/ecm/article/view/961">"In memoriam Alfonso Lacadena"</a>. Estudios de Cultura Maya. 52: 306. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19130%2Fiifl.ecm.2018.52.961">10.19130/iifl.ecm.2018.52.961</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2448-5179">2448-5179</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMikulska_Dąbrowska2015" class="citation book cs1">Mikulska Dąbrowska, Katarzyna (2015). Tejiendo destinos : un acercamiento al sistema de comunicación gráfica en los códices adivinatorios (Primera ed.). Zinacantepec, México, México. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-607-7761-77-8</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951433139">951433139</a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCordy-CollinsStern1977" class="citation book cs1">Cordy-Collins, Alana; Stern, Jean (1977). Pre-Columbian art history : selected readings. Palo Alto, Calif.: Peek Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-917962-41-9</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3843930">3843930</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Baracs2006" class="citation book cs1">Martínez Baracs, Rodrigo (2006). La perdida Relación de la Nueva España y su conquista de Juan Cano (1. ed.). México, D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>968-03-0194-X</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/122937827">122937827</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). Library, the : an illustrated history. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. pp. 136–138. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781628733228</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEscalante2010" class="citation book cs1">Escalante, Pablo (2010). Los códices mesoamericanos antes y después de la conquista española : historia de un lenguaje pictográfico (1. ed.). México, D.F. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-607-16-0308-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/666239806">666239806</a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Glass, John B. "A Survey of Native Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts", article 22, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 3; Handbook of Middle American Indians. University of Texas Press 1975, pp. 3-80.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Glass, John B. in collaboration with Donald Robertson. "A Census of Native Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts". article 23, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 3; Handbook of Middle American Indians. University of Texas Press 1975, pp. 81-252.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Robertson, Donald. "Techialoyan Manuscripts and Paintings with a Catalog." article 24, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 3; Handbook of Middle American Indians. University of Texas Press 1975, pp. 253-281.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Glass, John B. "A Census of Middle American Testerian Manuscripts." article 25, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 3; Handbook of Middle American Indians. University of Texas Press 1975, pp. 281-296.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Glass, John B. "A Catalog of Falsified Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts." article 26, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 3; Handbook of Middle American Indians. University of Texas Press 1975, pp. 297-309.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="Howard_F._Cline" title="Howard F. Cline">Howard F. Cline</a> "The Relaciones Geográficas of the Spanish Indies, 1577-1648", article 5. Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 1; Handbook of Middle American Indians. University of Texas Press 1972, pp. 183-242. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-70152-7</bdi>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Robertson, Donald, "The Pinturas (Maps) of the Relaciones Geográficas, with a Catalog", article 6.Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 1; Handbook of Middle American Indians. University of Texas Press 1972, pp. 243-278.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Cline, Howard F. "A Census of the Relaciones Geográficas of New Spain, 1579-1612," article 8. Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 1; Handbook of Middle American Indians. University of Texas Press 1972, pp. 324-369.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Mundy, Barbara E. The Mapping of New Spain: Indigenous Cartography and the Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Berdan, Frances, and <a href="Patricia_Rieff_Anawalt" title="Patricia Rieff Anawalt">Patricia Rieff Anawalt</a>. The Codex Mendoza. 4 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

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<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Sahagún, Bernardino de. El Códice Florentino: Manuscrito 218-20 de la Colección Palatina de la Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana. Fascimile ed., 3 vols. Florence: Giunti Barbera and México: Secretaría de Gobernación, 1979.

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<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Sahagún, Bernardino de. General History of the Things of New Spain: Florentine Codex. Translated by Arthur J. O Anderson and Charles E Dibble. 13 vols. Monographs of the School of American Research 14. Santa Fe: School of American Research; Salt Lake City: University of Utah, 1950-82.

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<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Durán, Diego. The History of the Indies of New Spain. Translated by Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. Durán, Diego. Book of the Gods and Rites and the Ancient Calendar. Translated by Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971.

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<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Gibson, Charles</a>. "Prose sources in the Native Historical Tradition", article 27B. "A Census of Middle American Prose Manuscripts in the Native Historical Tradition". Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 4; Handbook of Middle American Indians. University of Texas Press 1975, 326-378.

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<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Gibson, Charles</a> and John B. Glass. "Prose sources in the Native Historical Tradition", article 27A. "A Survey of Middle American Prose Manuscripts in the Native Historical Tradition". Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 4; Handbook of Middle American Indians. University of Texas Press 1975, 311-321.

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<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> An Aztec Herbal: The Classic Codex of 1552. Wm. Gates editor. Dover Publications 2000. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0486-41130-9</bdi>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/case-studies/aubin-tonalamatl/">Aubin Tonalamatl</a>, Trafficking Culture Encyclopedia

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<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Codex Chimalpahin: Society and Politics in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and other Nahua Altepetl in Central Mexico. Domingo de San Antón Muñon Chimalpahin Cuauhtlehuantzin, Edited and translated by Arthur J.O. Anderson, et al. 2 vols. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1997.

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<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Jacqueline de Durand-Forest, ed. Codex Ixtlilxochitl: Bibliothèque nationale, Paris (Ms. Mex. 55-710). Fontes rerum Mexicanarum 8. Graz, Austria: <a href="Akademische_Druck-_und_Verlagsanstalt" title="Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt">Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt</a> 1976.

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<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/research/graz/ixtlilxochitl/index.html">"FAMSI - Akademische Druck - u. Verlagsanstalt - Graz - Codex Ixtlilxochitl"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The Essential Codex Mendoza, F. Berdan and P. Anawalt, eds. University of California Press 1997. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0520-20454-6</bdi>

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<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRaymond2010" class="citation web cs1">Raymond, Lindsey (2010-09-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2010/09/24/one-man-65000-manuscripts/">"One man, 65,000 manuscripts"</a>. Yale Daily News. Retrieved 2022-04-24.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Barbara J. Williams, Harvey, H. R. (1997). The Códice de Santa María Asunción : Facsimile and Commentary : Households and Lands in Sixteenth-century Tepetlaoztoc. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87480-522-8</bdi>

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<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Eloise Quiñones Keber, Eloise. Codex Telleriano-Remensis: Ritual, Divination, and History in a Pictorial Aztec Manuscript. University of Texas Press 1995. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-292-76901-4</bdi>.

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<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> M. Jorge et al. (2011). Mathematical accuracy of Aztec land surveys assessed from records in the Codex Vergara. PNAS: University of Michigan.

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<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCalnek1973" class="citation journal cs1">Calnek, Edward E. (1973). "The Historical Validity of the Codex Xolotl". American Antiquity. 38 (4): 423–427. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F279147">10.2307/279147</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/279147">279147</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161510221">161510221</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Offner, Jerome A. Law and Politics in Aztec Texcoco. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 71-81. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0521-23475-7</bdi>

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<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Hans J. Prem, Matrícula de Huexotzinco. Graz: Druck und Verlagsanstalt 1974. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3201-00870-9</bdi>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Sigvald Linné, El valle y la ciudad de México en 1550. Relación histórica fundada sobre un mapa geográfico, que se conserva en la biblioteca de la Universidad de Uppsala, Suecia. Stockholm: 1948.

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<li id="cite_note-codex2024-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-codex2024_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-codex2024_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-codex2024_44-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeologymag.com/2024/03/16th-century-aztec-codices-of-san-andres-tetepilco/">"Archaeologists recover 16th-century Aztec codices of San Andrés Tetepilco"</a>. 22 March 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTenorio2021" class="citation web cs1">Tenorio, Rich (2021-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mexiconewsdaily.com/mexicolife/scholar-says-underestimated-mexica-writing-system-deserves-respect/">"Scholar says 'underestimated' Mexica writing system deserves respect"</a>. Mexico News Daily. Retrieved 2023-01-21.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/aztec-empire-hieroglyphics-archaeology-b1827852.html">"Aztec renaissance: New research sheds fresh light on intellectual achievements of long-vanished empire"</a>. The Independent. 2021-04-08. Retrieved 2023-01-21.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/ucla-historian-brings-language-of-the-aztecs-from-ancient-to-contemporary-times">"UCLA historian brings language of the Aztecs from ancient to contemporary times"</a>. UCLA. Retrieved 2023-01-21.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMattei2022" class="citation news cs1">Mattei, Shanti Escalante-De (2022-02-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/lacma-mixplanti-nahua-maps-exhibition-1234618579/">"LACMA Exhibits Subvert the Totalizing Myths of Colonial Conquest"</a>. ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2023-01-21.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Batalla Rosado, Juan José. "The Historical Sources: Codices and Chronicles" in The Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs. Oxford University Press 2017, pp. 29–40. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-934196-2</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Howard_F._Cline" title="Howard F. Cline">Howard F. Cline</a> "The Relaciones Geográficas of the Spanish Indies, 1577-1648", article 5. Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 1; <a href="Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians">Handbook of Middle American Indians</a>. University of Texas Press 1972, pp. 183–242. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-70152-7</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Howard_F._Cline" title="Howard F. Cline">Cline, Howard F.</a> "A Census of the Relaciones Geográficas of New Spain, 1579-1612," article 8. Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 1; <a href="Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians">Handbook of Middle American Indians</a>. University of Texas Press 1972, pp. 324–369.<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-70152-7</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Gibson, Charles</a>. "Prose sources in the Native Historical Tradition", article 27A. "A Survey of Middle American Prose Manuscripts in the Native Historical Tradition". Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 4; <a href="Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians">Handbook of Middle American Indians</a>. University of Texas Press 1975, 311–321. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-70154-3</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Gibson, Charles</a> and John B. Glass. "Prose sources in the Native Historical Tradition", article 27B. "A Census of Middle American Prose Manuscripts in the Native Historical Tradition". Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 4; <a href="Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians">Handbook of Middle American Indians</a>. University of Texas Press 1975, 322–400. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-70154-3</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Gibson, Charles</a>. "Published Collections of Documents Relating to Middle American Ethnohistory", article 11.Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 2; <a href="Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians">Handbook of Middle American Indians</a>. University of Texas Press 1973, pp. 3–41. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-70153-5</bdi></li>

<li>Glass, John B. "A Survey of Native Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts", article 22, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 3; <a href="Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians">Handbook of Middle American Indians</a>. University of Texas Press 1975, pp. 3–80. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-70154-3</bdi></li>

<li>Glass, John B. "A Census of Middle American Testerian Manuscripts." article 25, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 3; <a href="Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians">Handbook of Middle American Indians</a>. University of Texas Press 1975, pp. 281–296. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-70154-3</bdi></li>

<li>Glass, John B. "A Catalog of Falsified Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts." article 26, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 3; <a href="Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians">Handbook of Middle American Indians</a>. University of Texas Press 1975, pp. 297–309. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-70154-3</bdi></li>

<li>Glass, John B. in collaboration with Donald Robertson. "A Census of Native Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts". article 23, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 3; <a href="Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians">Handbook of Middle American Indians</a>. University of Texas Press 1975, pp. 81–252.<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-70154-3</bdi></li>

<li>Nicholson, H. B. “Pre-Hispanic Central Mexican Historiography.” In Investigaciones contemporáneos sobre historia de México. Memorias de la tercera reunión de historiadores mexicanos y norteamericanos, Oaxtepec, Morelos, 4–7 de noviembre de 1969, pp. 38–81. Mexico City, 1971.</li>

<li>Robertson, Donald, "The Pinturas (Maps) of the Relaciones Geográficas, with a Catalog", article 6.Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 1; <a href="Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians">Handbook of Middle American Indians</a>. University of Texas Press 1972, pp. 243–278. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-70152-7</bdi></li>

<li>Robertson, Donald. "Techialoyan Manuscripts and Paintings with a Catalog." article 24, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Part 3; <a href="Handbook_of_Middle_American_Indians" title="Handbook of Middle American Indians">Handbook of Middle American Indians</a>. University of Texas Press 1975, pp. 253–281. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-292-70154-3</bdi></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aztec_codices" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Aztec codices">Aztec codices</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323210050/http://library.albany.edu/subject/codices.htm">Bibliography of Mesoamerican Codices</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thing.net/~grist/ld/bot/boturini.htm">Detailed interpretation, with annotated photos, of the last pages of the Boturini Codex</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/research/graz/ixtlilxochitl/index.html">Page-by-page views of Codex Ixtlilxochitl</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/6759/view/1/1/">Complete scan of the Tovar Codex</a> from the <a href="John_Carter_Brown_Library" title="John Carter Brown Library">John Carter Brown Library</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox599" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph180960&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style><div id="Aztec_mythology520" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%">Primordials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C5%8Cmete%C5%8Dtl" title="Ōmeteōtl">Ōmeteōtl</a>: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or <a href="T%C5%8Dnac%C4%81t%C4%93cuhtli" title="Tōnacātēcuhtli">Tōnacātēcuhtli</a> and <a href="T%C5%8Dnac%C4%81cihu%C4%81tl" title="Tōnacācihuātl">Tōnacācihuātl</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%"><a href="Aztec_creator_gods" title="Aztec creator gods">Creator gods</a> (Four Tezcatlipocas)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hu%C4%ABtzil%C5%8Dp%C5%8Dchtli" title="Huītzilōpōchtli">Huītzilōpōchtli</a></li>

<li><a href="Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Tezcatlipoca" title="Tezcatlipoca">Tezcatlipoca</a></li>

<li><a href="Xipe_Totec" title="Xipe Totec">Xipe Totec</a> (or <a href="Camaxtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Camaxtle">Camaxtle</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_Aztec_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Aztec gods and supernatural beings">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lords_of_the_Night" title="Lords of the Night">Lords of the Night</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cente%C5%8Dtl" title="Centeōtl">Centeōtl</a></li>

<li><a href="Chalchiuhtlicue" title="Chalchiuhtlicue">Chalchiuhtlicue</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinteotl" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinteotl">Cinteotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Mictl%C4%81nt%C4%93cutli" title="Mictlāntēcutli">Mictlāntēcutli</a></li>

<li><a href="Piltzintecuhtli" title="Piltzintecuhtli">Piltzintecuhtli</a></li>

<li><a href="Tep%C4%93y%C5%8Dll%C5%8Dtl" title="Tepēyōllōtl">Tepēyōllōtl</a></li>

<li>Tezcatlipoca (see Creator gods)</li>

<li><a href="Tl%C3%A1loc" title="Tláloc">Tláloc</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlaz%C5%8Dlte%C5%8Dtl" title="Tlazōlteōtl">Tlazōlteōtl</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiuhtecuhtli" title="Xiuhtecuhtli">Xiuhtecuhtli</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lords_of_the_Day" title="Lords of the Day">Lords of the Day</a>

<ul><li><a href="Citl%C4%81licue" title="Citlālicue">Citlālicue</a></li>

<li><a href="Mict%C4%93cacihu%C4%81tl" title="Mictēcacihuātl">Mictēcacihuātl</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanahuatzin" title="Nanahuatzin">Nanahuatzin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tl%C4%81huizcalpantecuhtli" title="Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli">Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlaltecuhtli" title="Tlaltecuhtli">Tlaltecuhtli</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C5%8Dnatiuh" title="Tōnatiuh">Tōnatiuh</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Acolnahuacatl_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acolnahuacatl (god)">Acolnahuacatl</a></li>

<li>Acuecueyotl (see Chalchiuhtlicue)</li>

<li><a href="Atlahua" title="Atlahua">Atlahua</a></li>

<li><a href="Atlacoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlacoya">Atlacoya</a></li>

<li><a href="Chalchiuhtotolin" title="Chalchiuhtotolin">Chalchiuhtotolin</a></li>

<li><a href="Chantico" title="Chantico">Chantico</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicomec%C5%8D%C4%81tl" title="Chicomecōātl">Chicomecōātl</a></li>

<li><a href="Ch%C4%ABmalm%C4%81" title="Chīmalmā">Chīmalmā</a></li>

<li><a href="Cihuac%C5%8D%C4%81tl" title="Cihuacōātl">Cihuacōātl</a></li>

<li><a href="Cihuatecayotl" title="Cihuatecayotl">Cihuatecayotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Cipactonal" title="Cipactonal">Cipactonal</a></li>

<li><a href="C%C5%8D%C4%81tl%C4%ABcue" title="Cōātlīcue">Cōātlīcue</a></li>

<li><a href="Coyolx%C4%81uhqui" title="Coyolxāuhqui">Coyolxāuhqui</a></li>

<li><a href="Ehecatl" title="Ehecatl">Ehecatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Hu%C4%93huecoy%C5%8Dtl" title="Huēhuecoyōtl">Huēhuecoyōtl</a></li>

<li><a href="Huitztlampaehecatl" title="Huitztlampaehecatl">Huitztlampaehecatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Huixtocihuatl" title="Huixtocihuatl">Huixtocihuatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Ilamatecuhtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilamatecuhtli">Ilamatecuhtli</a></li>

<li><a href="%C4%AAtzp%C4%81p%C4%81l%C5%8Dtl" title="Ītzpāpālōtl">Ītzpāpālōtl</a></li>

<li><a href="Itzpapalotlcihuatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzpapalotlcihuatl">Itzpapalotlcihuatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Itzpapalotltotec" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzpapalotltotec">Itzpapalotltotec</a></li>

<li><a href="Itztlacoliuhqui" title="Itztlacoliuhqui">Itztlacoliuhqui</a></li>

<li><a href="Ixtlilton" title="Ixtlilton">Ixtlilton</a></li>

<li><a href="Macuiltochtli" title="Macuiltochtli">Macuiltochtli</a></li>

<li><a href="Macuilxochitl" class="mw-redirect" title="Macuilxochitl">Macuilxochitl</a></li>

<li><a href="Malinalxochitl" title="Malinalxochitl">Malinalxochitl</a></li>

<li><a href="Mayahuel" title="Mayahuel">Mayahuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Metztli" title="Metztli">Metztli</a></li>

<li><a href="Mictlanpachecatl" title="Mictlanpachecatl">Mictlanpachecatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixcoatl" title="Mixcoatl">Mixcoatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Opochtli" title="Opochtli">Opochtli</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxomoco" title="Oxomoco">Oxomoco</a></li>

<li><a href="Painal" title="Painal">Painal</a></li>

<li><a href="Patecatl" title="Patecatl">Patecatl</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C4%93ccizt%C4%93catl" title="Tēcciztēcatl">Tēcciztēcatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Temazcalteci" title="Temazcalteci">Temazcalteci</a></li>

<li><a href="Tepozt%C4%93catl" title="Tepoztēcatl">Tepoztēcatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlacotzontli" title="Tlacotzontli">Tlacotzontli</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlalocayotl" title="Tlalocayotl">Tlalocayotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlilhua" title="Tlilhua">Tlilhua</a></li>

<li><a href="Toltecatl" title="Toltecatl">Toltecatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonantzin" title="Tonantzin">Tonantzin</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicomec%C5%8D%C4%81tl" title="Chicomecōātl">Xilonen</a></li>

<li><a href="X%C5%8Dchipilli" title="Xōchipilli">Xōchipilli</a></li>

<li><a href="X%C5%8Dchiquetzal" title="Xōchiquetzal">Xōchiquetzal</a></li>

<li><a href="Xochitlicue" title="Xochitlicue">Xochitlicue</a></li>

<li><a href="Xocotl_(Aztec_god)" title="Xocotl (Aztec god)">Xocotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Xolotl" title="Xolotl">Xolotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Yacatecuhtli" title="Yacatecuhtli">Yacatecuhtli</a></li>

<li><a href="Zacatzontli" title="Zacatzontli">Zacatzontli</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ahuiateteo" title="Ahuiateteo">Ahuiateteo</a></li>

<li><a href="Centzonm%C4%ABmixc%C5%8Da" title="Centzonmīmixcōa">Centzonmīmixcōa</a></li>

<li><a href="Centzonhu%C4%ABtzn%C4%81hua" title="Centzonhuītznāhua">Centzonhuītznāhua</a></li>

<li><a href="Centzon_T%C5%8Dt%C5%8Dchtin" title="Centzon Tōtōchtin">Centzon Tōtōchtin</a></li>

<li><a href="Cint%C4%93teo" title="Cintēteo">Cintēteo</a></li>

<li><a href="Cihuateteo" title="Cihuateteo">Cihuateteo</a></li>

<li><a href="Civateteo" class="mw-redirect" title="Civateteo">Civateteo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ehecatotontli" title="Ehecatotontli">Ehecatotontli</a></li>

<li><a href="Ti%C4%81nquiztli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiānquiztli">Tiānquiztli</a></li>

<li><a href="Tzitzimitl" title="Tzitzimitl">Tzitzimitl</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiuhtotontli" title="Xiuhtotontli">Xiuhtotontli</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anahuac_(Aztec)" title="Anahuac (Aztec)">Anahuac</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a></li>

<li><a href="Cemanahuac" title="Cemanahuac">Cemanahuac</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicomoztoc" title="Chicomoztoc">Chicomoztoc</a></li>

<li><a href="Templo_Mayor" title="Templo Mayor">Huēyi Teōcalli</a></li>

<li><a href="Mictl%C4%81n" title="Mictlān">Mictlān</a> (The Underworld)</li>

<li><a href="Tamoanchan" title="Tamoanchan">Tamoanchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li>

<li><a href="Thirteen_Heavens" title="Thirteen Heavens">Thirteen Heavens</a></li>

<li><a href="Tl%C4%81l%C5%8Dc%C4%81n" title="Tlālōcān">Tlālōcān</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlillan-Tlapallan" title="Tlillan-Tlapallan">Tlillan-Tlapallan</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C5%8Dll%C4%81n" title="Tōllān">Tōllān</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%">Beliefs and practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="The_Stinking_Corpse" title="The Stinking Corpse">The Stinking Corpse</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_use_of_entheogens" title="Aztec use of entheogens">Use of entheogens</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #00A86B; color: White;;width:1%">Codices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aubin_Codex" title="Aubin Codex">Aubin Codex</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Aubin Manuscript no. 20</a></li>

<li><a href="Aubin_Tonalamatl" title="Aubin Tonalamatl">Aubin Tonalamatl</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Azcatitlan" title="Codex Azcatitlan">Codex Azcatitlan</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Azoy%C3%BA" title="Codex Azoyú">Codices Azoyú I & II</a></li>

<li><a href="Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis" title="Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis">Badianus Manuscript</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Codices Becker I & II</a></li>

<li>Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel</li>

<li><a href="Codex_Bodley" title="Codex Bodley">Codex Bodley</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Borbonicus" title="Codex Borbonicus">Codex Borbonicus</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Borgia" title="Codex Borgia">Codex Borgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Boturini" title="Codex Boturini">Codex Boturini</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapa_de_Cuauhtinchan_No._2" title="Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2">Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimalpahin" title="Chimalpahin">Codex Chimalpahin</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Chimalpopoca" title="Codex Chimalpopoca">Codex Chimalpopoca</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Colombino" title="Codex Colombino">Codex Colombino</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Cospi" title="Codex Cospi">Codex Cospi</a></li>

<li><a href="Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Codex Dresden</a></li>

<li><a href="Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Codex Durán</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Fej%C3%A9rv%C3%A1ry-Mayer" title="Codex Fejérváry-Mayer">Codex Fejérváry-Mayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Codex Florentine</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Huamantla" title="Codex Huamantla">Codex Huamantla</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_de_Huichapan" class="extiw external" title="es:Códice de Huichapan">Códice de Huichapan</a></li>

<li><a href="Huexotzinco_Codex" title="Huexotzinco Codex">Codex Huexotzinco</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Humboldt fragment 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Ixtlilxochitl" title="Codex Ixtlilxochitl">Codex Ixtlilxochitl</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Laud" title="Codex Laud">Codex Laud</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_de_Le%C3%B3n_y_Gama" title="Antonio de León y Gama">Lienzo Antonio de León</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienzo_Seler_Coixtlahuaca_II" class="extiw external" title="es:Lienzo Seler Coixtlahuaca II">Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienzo_de_Zacatepec" class="extiw external" title="es:Lienzo de Zacatepec">Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Madrid">Codex Madrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Magliabechiano" title="Codex Magliabechiano">Codex Magliabechiano</a></li>

<li><a href="Matr%C3%ADcula_de_Tributos" title="Matrícula de Tributos">Matrícula de Tributos</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Mexicanus" title="Codex Mexicanus">Codex Mexicanus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cr%C3%B3nica_Mexicayotl" title="Crónica Mexicayotl">Crónica Mexicayotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Maya_Codex_of_Mexico" title="Maya Codex of Mexico">Códice Maya de México</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Osuna" title="Codex Osuna">Codex Osuna</a></li>

<li><a href="Oztoticpac_Lands_Map_of_Texcoco" title="Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco">Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco</a></li>

<li><a href="Paris_Codex" title="Paris Codex">Paris Codex</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Plano en papel de maguey</a></li>

<li><a href="Primeros_Memoriales" title="Primeros Memoriales">Primeros Memoriales</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Codex Porfirio Díaz">Codex Porfirio Díaz</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapa_Quinatzin" title="Mapa Quinatzin">Mapa Quinatzin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram%C3%ADrez_Codex" title="Ramírez Codex">Codex Ramírez</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3n_de_Michoac%C3%A1n" class="extiw external" title="es:Relación de Michoacán">Relación de Michoacán</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_R%C3%ADos" title="Codex Ríos">Codex Ríos</a></li>

<li><a href="Romances_de_los_se%C3%B1ores_de_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Romances de los señores de Nueva España">Romances de los señores de Nueva España</a></li>

<li><a href="C%C3%B3dice_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Códice de Santa María Asunción">Codex Santa Maria Asunción</a></li>

<li><a href="Selden_Roll" title="Selden Roll">Selden Roll</a></li>

<li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Mapa_de_Sig%C3%BCenza.jpg" class="extiw external" title="es:Archivo:Mapa de Sigüenza.jpg">Mapa Sigüenza</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Telleriano-Remensis" title="Codex Telleriano-Remensis">Codex Telleriano-Remensis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Tira de Tepechpan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anales_de_Tlatelolco" title="Anales de Tlatelolco">Anales de Tlatelolco</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Tlatelolco" title="Codex Tlatelolco">Codex Tlatelolco</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Mapa Tloztin</a></li>

<li><a href="Historia_Tolteca-Chichimeca" title="Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca">Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Totomixtlahuaca" title="Codex Totomixtlahuaca">Codex Totomixtlahuaca</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Tudela" title="Codex Tudela">Codex Tudela</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_codices" title="Mesoamerican codices">Anales de Tula</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Vaticanus_B" title="Codex Vaticanus B">Codex Vaticanus B</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Vindobonensis_Mexicanus_I" title="Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I">Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Xolotl" title="Codex Xolotl">Codex Xolotl</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Zouche-Nuttall" title="Codex Zouche-Nuttall">Codex Zouche-Nuttall</a></li></ul>

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